Social Influence - 4418 Words

Social influence occurs when ones emotions, opinions, or behaviors are affected by others.[1] Social influence takes many forms and can be seen in conformity, socialization, peer pressure, obedience, leadership, persuasion, sales, and marketing. In 1958, Harvard psychologist, Herbert Kelman identified three broad varieties of social influence.[2] 1. Compliance is when people appear to agree with others, but actually keep their dissenting opinions private. 2. Identification is when people are influenced by someone who is liked and respected, such as a famous celebrity. 3. Internalization is when people accept a belief or behavior and agree both publicly and privately. Morton Deutsch and Harold Gerard described two†¦show more content†¦It is the most common and pervasive form of social influence. Social Psychology research in conformity tends to distinguish between two varieties: informational conformity (also called social proof, or internalization in Kelmans terms ) and normative conformity (compliance in Kelmans terms).[4] There are naturally more than two or three variables in society influential on human psychology and conformity; the notion of varieties of conformity based upon social influence is ambiguous and undefinable in this context. In the case of peer pressure, a person is convinced to do something (such as illegal drugs) which they might not want to do, but which they perceive as necessary to keep a positive relationship with other people, such as their friends. Conformity from peer pressure generally results from identification within the group members, or from compliance of some members to appease others. [edit] Minority influence Main article: Minority influence Minority influence takes place when a majority is influenced to accept the beliefs of behaviors of a minority. Minority influence can be affected by the sizes of majority and minority groups, the level of consistency of the minority group and situational factors (such as the affluence or social importance of the minority).[5] Minority influence most often operates through informational social influence (as opposed to normative socialShow MoreRelatedPersonal Responsibility And Social Influence903 Words   |  4 Pages Personal Responsibility vs. Social Influence Personal responsibility is greatly affected by social influence in today’s society. AP by John Updike is a short story which exemplifies this belief. Social influence occurs when one s emotions, opinions, or behaviors are affected by others. In this story, Sammy is a store clerk, tending to his personal responsibility of working and making money to support his household. This is later tarnished as a result of Sammy’s attempt to maintain an image, heRead MoreThe Positive Impact Of The Social Influence Of Sports1486 Words   |  6 Pagesgreat importance. It is good for health and fitness, it is great fun and pastime and is great for learning how to win and dealing with the loss. Many factors influence sports and activities and how and to what extent in which they are performed and the biggest influence is the social influence A positive impact from the societal influence of peers would be their ability to make you feel good, try harder and to participate in more things .At some point any athlete will doubt themselves usually knownRead MoreHow Social Influences Have On Participants1572 Words   |  7 PagesMaterials and Methods This study will focus on the impact social influences have on participants when asked to listen to songs played backwards containing subliminal messages and whether being told that a particular song contains secret messages will impact their responses. This study will take into consideration past studies conducted by researchers Thorne (1984) and Vokey (1985) whom support that the role of suggestion can influence peoples perceptions of secret messages in rock and roll recordingsRead MoreEnvironmental And Social Influences Of A Person s Environment941 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental and Social Influences Studies have shown the impact a person’s environment can have on their upbringing, their attitude, their personality, and how they adapt or handle tough situations. No truer words are apparent with adolescents and how their environments can lead to substance abuse. For many adolescents, risk factors, such as family problems and community violence frequently lead to substance abuse (McWhirter et al., 2013). Society is very good at encouraging people just to doRead More Social Influence Research - Do the Ends Justify the Means? Essay865 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Influence Research - Do the Ends Justify the Means? To what extent does the importance of social influence research, justify the methods used in its investigation? The debate about ethics in psychology focuses on two areas: protection of participants and benefiting society. This is a double obligation dilemma as if some psychologists are not allowed to do certain experiments because of ethical restraints; this can cause problems with validity. In social psychologyRead MoreSocial Psychology: Social Influence768 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Social influence is a major topic in social psychology and looks at how individual thoughts, actions, reactions and feelings are influenced by other people or social groups. â€Å"Social influence can be seen in our conformity, our obedience to authority, and our group behavior† (Psychology 579). Social influence may also be represented by peer pressure, persuasion, marketing and sales. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to determine how effective social influence is on a groupRead MoreSocial Influence Of Social Media2119 Words   |  9 Pages Section I: social influence Social media is affecting the studies; it is a big social influence on the study in these days. There are different thoughts about the influence of the social media on studies, but this is a fact that this has a big influence on studies and the ways of studies. It is being argued that the social media has changed traditional and face to face teaching methods and introducing the distance learning. It is great influence social media that it is changing the traditionalRead MoreSocial Influence On Social Psychology1870 Words   |  8 PagesSocial influence is a big matter in social psychology which is referred to the ways in which different people’s thoughts, actions and feelings are subjective by social groups. On a daily basis we are deluged by numerous efforts by others to influence us, and that’s why, the study of social influence has long been a dominant matter of analysis for social psychologists and researchers in many other social sciences (e.g. marketing and poli tical science). Social Psychologists focus on the situation.Read MoreSocial Influences on Behavior Essay1300 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Influences on Behavior Rhonda Hager PSY/300 June 25, 2012 Teresa Neal Social Influences on Behavior Introduction All humans’ behavior is affected by social influences to some extent. The level of influence will vary from person to person, depending on the several factors, such as self-esteem, their level of self-awareness, morals, and values (Velden, 2007). People do many things to ensure they are accepted by the people in their group and to keep from being ostracized by individualsRead MoreSocial Influences Of Social Influence830 Words   |  4 PagesSocial influence is an essential focus of study for researchers and social psychologists. Social influence pertains to different methods utilized by individuals to impact the feelings, behaviors and beliefs of others through interpersonal relationship (Fiske, 2008). Also, some key concepts in the analysis of social influence include conformity, compliance, and obedience. Compliance refers to a change in performance in response to an overt or an obscure demand made by a different individual. Hence

Herbert Marcuse’s An Essay on Liberation - 3414 Words

Herbert Marcuse’s An Essay on Liberation We know that the economic evolution of the contemporary world refutes a certain number of the postulates of Marx. If the revolution is to occur at the end of two parallel movements, the unlimited shrinking of capital and the unlimited expansion of the proletariat, it will not occur or ought not to have occurred. Capital and proletariat have both been equally unfaithful to Marx. - Albert Camus, 1953 The validity of Marxist political theory has been seriously challenged by the realities of European civilization, both during the inter-war years and especially after WWII. The threat has been two-fold; on the one hand, was the refusal of capitalism to fail, a failure that Marxists had†¦show more content†¦Central to Marx’s economic model is the contraction of the capitalist class through the function of competition and the corresponding increase in the proletariat. This immizeration, coupled with the increasing degradation of the working classes, was to set the stage for the revolution. What Marx didn’t foresee was the pragmatic decision on the part of capital to allow the standard of living to rise among the workers, thereby easing tension and providing a market for their wares.1 Capitalism also became more complex structurally than the Marxist model. Public ownership of corporations via the stock market and the rise of a new class, the technician (brou ght about by an explosion in manufacturing technology), blurred the lines of societal stratification. To further complicate matters, liberal democracies began to manage national economies, thereby stabilizing the marketplace and apparently ending the old bust-or-boom business cycle. The oppressive nature of industrial capitalism seemed to be giving way before a more egalitarian consumer society, fueled by an ever rising standard of living. Put simply: capitalism was giving the people what they wanted. Or was it? Marcuse argues that the capitalist system gives people what it wants them to want, that it generates needs supportive of mass consumption rather than stimulating creative human development. He believes thatShow MoreRelated Transcending Herbert Marcuse on Alienation, Art and the Humanities4411 Words   |  18 PagesTranscending Herbert Marcuse on Alienation, Art and the Humanities (1) ABSTRACT: This paper discusses how higher education can help us in accomplishing our humanization. It looks at the critical educational theory of Herbert Marcuse, and examines his notion of the dis-alienating power of the aesthetic imagination. In his view, aesthetic education can become the foundation of a re-humanizing critical theory. I question the epistemological underpinnings of Marcuses educational philosophy andRead MoreMicro And Macro Analysis Of Social Theory Of Herbert Marcuse Essay2012 Words   |  9 PagesMicro and Macro Analysis in the Social Theory of Herbert Marcuse. The themes outlined in Herbert Marcuse’s Eros and Civilisation and One Dimensional Man have roots in both Marx’s political economic theory and Freud’s psychology. In explaining the existence of society, Marcuse shows how the motivations of the individual maintain the social world, but are also shaped by structural forces. Through an extension of Marx’s argument and the application of Freud’s psychology, Marcuse explains how the creationRead MoreViolence and Freedom- Exploring the Use of Violence to Liberate the Oppressed2163 Words   |  9 PagesThe role of violence in the liberation of peoples from systems of domination is necessarily entwined to the concept of freedom. Herbert Marcuse and Frantz Fanon argue that violence, in various forms, is the only reasonable rebuttal to the abhorrent system of subjugation, whether it is in shape of something as transparent as apartheid to thinly veiled laws that take away the rights of humans under the capit alist system. To even understand the relationship between freedom and violence it has to beRead MoreThe Theoretical Themes Of Herbert Marcuse s Eros And Civilisation Essay1976 Words   |  8 PagesThe theoretical themes of Herbert Marcuse’s Eros and Civilisation and One Dimensional Man have roots in both Marx and Freud’s theories. In explaining the existence of society, Marcuse shows how the motivations of the individual maintain the social world, but are shaped by structural forces. Through extension of Marx’s argument and the application of Freud’s psychology, Marcuse explains how the creation of the one-dimensional man maintains order and suppresses resistance. Yet, the revolution Marx

Streams of Silver 16. Days of Old Free Essays

string(36) " except for the library, of course\." Book 3. Trails Anew 16. Days of Old A squat stone tower stood in a small dell against the facing of a steep hill. We will write a custom essay sample on Streams of Silver 16. Days of Old or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because it was ivy covered and overgrown, a casual passer-by would not even have noticed the structure. But the Companions of the Hall were not casual in their search. This was the Herald’s Holdfast, possibly the solution to their entire search. â€Å"Are you certain that this is the place?† Regis asked Drizzt as they peered over a small bluff. Truly the ancient tower appeared more a ruin. Not a thing stirred anywhere nearby, not even animals, as though an eerie, reverent hush surrounded the place. â€Å"I am sure,† Drizzt replied. â€Å"Feel the age of the tower. It has stood for many centuries. Many centuries.† â€Å"And how long has it been empty?† Bruenor asked, thus far disappointed in the place that had been described to him as the brightest promise to his goal. â€Å"It is not empty,† Drizzt replied. â€Å"Unless the information I received was in err.† Bruenor jumped to his feet and stormed over the bluff. â€Å"Probably right,† he grumbled. â€Å"Some troll or scab yeti’s inside the door watching us right now, I’ll wager, drooling for us to come in! Let’s be on with it, then! Sundabar’s a day more away than when we left!† The dwarf’s three friends joined him on the remnants of the overgrown path that had once been a walkway to the tower’s door. They approached the ancient stone door cautiously, with weapons drawn. Moss-covered and worn to a smooth finish by the toll of time, apparently it hadn’t been opened in many, many years. â€Å"Use yer arms, boy,† Bruenor told Wulfgar. â€Å"If any man can get this thing opened, it’s yerself!† Wulfgar leaned Aegis-fang against the wall and moved before the huge door. He set his feet as best he could and ran his hands across the stone in search of a good niche to push against. But as soon as he applied the slightest pressure to the stone portal, it swung inward, silently and without effort. A cool breeze wafted out of the still darkness within, carrying a blend of unfamiliar scents and an aura of great age. The friends sensed the place as otherworldly, belonging to a different time, perhaps, and it was not without a degree of trepidation that Drizzt led them in. They stepped lightly, though their footfalls echoed in the quiet darkness. The daylight beyond the door offered little relief, as though some barrier remained between the inside of the tower and the world beyond. â€Å"We should light a torch – † Regis began, but he stopped abruptly, frightened by the unintentional volume of his whisper. â€Å"The door!† Wulfgar cried suddenly, noticing that the silent portal had begun to close behind them. He leaped to grab it before it shut completely, sinking them into absolute darkness, but even his great strength could not deny the magical force that moved it. It shut without a bang, just a hushed rush of air that resounded like a giant’s sigh. The lightless tomb they all envisioned as the huge door blocked out the final slit of sunlight did not come to pass, for as soon as the door closed, a blue glow lit up the room, the entrance hall to the Herald’s Holdfast. No words could they speak above the profound awe that enveloped them. They stood in view of the history of the race of Man within a bubble of timelessness that denied their own perspectives of age and belonging. In the blink of an eye they had been propelled into the position of removed observers, their own existence suspended in a different time and place, looking in on the passing of the human race as might a god. Intricate tapestries, their once-vivid colors faded and their distinct lines now blurred, swept the friends into a fantastic collage of images that displayed the tales of the race, each one retelling a story again and again; the same tale, it seemed, but subtly altered each time, to present different principles and varied outcomes. Weapons and armor from every age lined the walls, beneath the standards and crests of a thousand longforgotten kingdoms. Bas-relief images of heroes and sages, some familiar but most unknown to any but the most studious of scholars, stared down at them from the rafters, their captured visages precise enough to emote the very character of the men they portrayed. A second door, this one of wood, hung directly across the cylindrical chamber from the first, apparently leading into the hill behind the tower. Only when it began to swing open did the companions manage to break free of the spell of the place. None went for their weapons, though, understanding that whoever, or whatever, inhabited this tower would be beyond such earthly strength. An ancient man stepped into the room, older than anyone they had ever seen before. His face had retained its fullness, not hollowed with age, but his skin appeared almost wooden in texture, with lines that seemed more like cracks and a rough edge that defied time as stubbornly as an ancient tree. His walk was more a flow of quiet movement, a floating passing that transcended the definition of steps. He came in close to the friends and waited, his arms, obviously thin even under the folds of his long, satiny robe, peacefully dropped to his sides. â€Å"Are you the herald of the tower?† Drizzt asked. â€Å"Old Night, I am,† the man replied in a voice singing with serenity. â€Å"Welcome, Companions of the Hall. The Lady Alustriel informed me of your coming, and of your quest.† Even consumed in the solemn respect of his surroundings, Wulfgar did not miss the reference to Alustriel. He glanced over at Drizzt, meeting the drow’s eyes with a knowing smile. Drizzt turned away and smiled, too. â€Å"This is the Chamber of Man,† Old Night proclaimed. â€Å"The largest in the Holdfast, except for the library, of course. You read "Streams of Silver 16. Days of Old" in category "Essay examples"† He noticed Bruenor’s disgruntled scowl. â€Å"The tradition of your race runs deep, good dwarf, and deeper yet does the elves’,† he explained. â€Å"But crises in history are more often measured in generations than in centuries. The short-lived humans might have toppled a thousand kingdoms and built a thousand more in the few centuries that a single dwarven king would rule his people in peace.† â€Å"No patience!† Bruenor huffed, apparently appeased. â€Å"Agreed,† laughed Old Night. â€Å"But come now, let us dine. We have much to do this night.† He led them through the doorway and down a similarly lit hallway. Doors on either side of them identified the various chambers as they passed – one for each of the goodly races, and even a few for the history of orcs and goblins and the giantkind. The friends and Old Night supped at a huge, round table, its ancient wood as hard as mountain stone. Runes were inscribed all around its edge, many in tongues long lost to the world, that even Old Night could not remember. The food, like everything else, gave the impression of a distant past. Far from stale, though, it was delicious, with a flavor somewhat different from anything the friends had ever eaten before. The drink, a crystalline wine, possessed a rich bouquet surpassing even the legendary elixirs of the elves. Old Night entertained them as they ate, retelling grand tales of ancient heroes, and of events that had shaped the Realms into their present state. The companions were an attentive audience, though in all probability substantial clues about Mithril Hall loomed only a door or two away. When the meal was finished, Old Night rose from his chair and looked around at them with a weird, curious intensity. â€Å"The day will come, a millennium from now, perhaps, when I shall entertain again. On that day, I am sure, one of the tales I tell will concern the Companions of the Hall and their glorious quest.† The friends could not reply to the honor that the ancient man had paid them. Even Drizzt, even-keeled and unshakable, sat unblinking for a long, long moment. â€Å"Come,† Old Night instructed, â€Å"let your road begin anew.† He led them through another door, the door to the greatest library in all the North. Volumes thick and thin covered the walls and lay about in high piles on the many tables positioned throughout the large room. Old Night indicated one particular table, a smaller one off to the side, with a solitary book opened upon it. â€Å"I have done much of your research for you,† Old Night explained. â€Å"And in all the volumes concerning dwarves, this was the only one I could find that held any reference to Mithril Hall.† Bruenor moved to the book, grasping its edges with trembling hands. It was written in High Dwarven, the language of Dumathoin, Keeper of Secrets Under the Mountain, a script nearly lost in the Realms. But Bruenor could read it. He surveyed the page quickly, then read aloud the passages of concern. â€Å"King Elmor and his people profited mightily from the labors of Garumn and the kin of Clan Battlehammer, but the dwarves of the secret mines did not refute Elmor’s gains. Settlestone proved a valuable and trustworthy ally whence Garumn could begin the secret trail to market of the mithril works.† Bruenor looked up at his friends, a gleam of revelation in his eye. â€Å"Settlestone,† he whispered. â€Å"I know that name.† He dove back into the book. â€Å"You shall find little else,† Old Night said. â€Å"For the words of Mithril Hall are lost to the ages. The book merely states that the flow of mithril soon ceased, to the ultimate demise of Settlestone!† Bruenor wasn’t listening. He had to read it for himself, to devour every word penned about his lost heritage, no matter the significance. â€Å"What of this Settlestone?† Wulfgar asked Old Night. â€Å"A clue?† â€Å"Perhaps,† the old herald replied. â€Å"Thus far I have found no reference to the place other than this book, but I am inclined to believe from the work that Settlestone was rather unusual for a dwarven town.† â€Å"Above the ground!† Bruenor suddenly cut in. â€Å"Yes,† agreed Old Night. â€Å"A dwarven community housed in structures above the ground. Rare these days and unheard of back in the time of Mithril Hall. Only two possibilities, to my knowledge.† Regis let out a cry of victory. â€Å"Your enthusiasm may be premature,† remarked Old Night. â€Å"Even if we discern where Settlestone once lay, the trail to Mithril Hall merely begins there.† Bruenor flipped through a few pages of the book, then replaced it on the table. â€Å"So close!† he growled, slamming his fist down on the petrified wood. â€Å"And I should know!† Drizzt moved over to him and pulled a vial out from under his cloak. â€Å"A potion,† he explained to Bruenor’s puzzled look, â€Å"that will make you walk again in the days of Mithril Hall.† â€Å"A mighty spell,† warned Old Night. â€Å"And not to be controlled. Consider its use carefully, good dwarf.† Bruenor was already moving, teetering on the verge of a discovery he had to find. He quaffed the liquid in one gulp, then steadied himself on the edge of the table against its potent kick. Sweat beaded on his wrinkled brow and he twitched involuntarily as the potion sent his mind drifting back across the centuries. Regis and Wulfgar moved over to him, the big man clasping his shoulders and easing him into a seat. Bruenor’s eyes were wide open, but he saw nothing in the room before him. Sweat lathered him now, and the twitch had become a tremble. â€Å"Bruenor,† Drizzt called softly, wondering if he had done right in presenting the dwarf with such a tempting opportunity. â€Å"No, me father!† Bruenor screamed. â€Å"Not here in the darkness! Come with me, then. What might I do without ye?† â€Å"Bruenor,† Drizzt called more emphatically. â€Å"He is not here,† Old Night explained, familiar with the potion, for it was often used by long-lived races, particularly elves, when they sought memories of their distant past. Normally the imbibers returned to a more pleasant time, though. Old Night looked on with grave concern, for the potion had returned Bruenor to a wicked day in his past, a memory that his mind had blocked out, or at least blurred, to defend him against powerful emotions. Those emotions would now be laid bare, revealed to the dwarf’s conscious mind in all their fury. â€Å"Bring him to the Chamber of the Dwarves,† Old Night instructed. â€Å"Let him bask in the images of his heroes. They will aid in remembering, and give him strength throughout his ordeal.† Wulfgar lifted Bruenor and bore him gently down the passage to the Chamber of the Dwarves, laying him in the center of the circular floor. The friends backed away, leaving the dwarf to his delusions. Bruenor could only half-see the images around him now, caught between the worlds of the past and present. Images of Moradin, Dumathoin, and all his deities and heroes looked down upon him from their perches in the rafters, adding a small bit of comfort against the waves of tragedy. Dwarven-sized suits of armor and cunningly crafted axes and warhammers surrounded him, and he bathed in the presence of the highest glories of his proud race. The images, though, could not dispell the horror he now knew again, the falling of his clan, of Mithril Hall, of his father. â€Å"Daylight!† he cried, torn between relief and lament. â€Å"Alas for me father, and me father’s father! But yea, our escape is at hand! Settlestone†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he faded from consciousness for a moment, overcome, â€Å"†¦shelter us. The loss, the loss! Shelter us!† â€Å"The price is high,† said Wulfgar, pained at the dwarf’s torment. â€Å"He is willing to pay,† Drizzt replied. â€Å"It will be a sorry payment if we learn nothing,† said Regis. â€Å"There is no direction to his ramblings. Are we to sit by and hope against hope?† â€Å"His memories have already brought him to Settlestone, with no mention of the trail behind him,† Wulfgar observed. Drizzt drew a scimitar and pulled the cowl of his cloak low over his face. â€Å"What?† Regis started to ask, but the drow was already moving. He rushed to Bruenor’s side and put his face close to the dwarf’s sweat-lathered cheek. â€Å"I am a friend,† he whispered to Bruenor. â€Å"Come at the news of the falling of the hall! My allies await! Vengeance will be ours, mighty dwarf of Clan Battlehammer! Show us the way so that we might restore the glories of the hall!† â€Å"Secret,† Bruenor gasped, on the edge of consciousness. Drizzt pressed harder. â€Å"Time is short! The darkness is falling!† he shouted. â€Å"The way, dwarf, we must know the way!† Bruenor mumbled some inaudible sounds and all the friends gasped in the knowledge that the drow had broken through the final mental barrier that hindered Bruenor from finding the hall. â€Å"Louder!† Drizzt insisted. â€Å"Fourthpeak!† Bruenor screamed back. â€Å"Up the high run and into Keeper’s Dale!† Drizzt looked over to Old Night, who was nodding in recognition, then turned back to Bruenor. â€Å"Rest, mighty dwarf,† he said comfortingly. â€Å"Your clan shall be avenged!† â€Å"With the description the book gives of Settlestone, Fourthpeak can describe only one place,† Old Night explained to Drizzt and Wulfgar when they got back to the library. Regis remained in the Chamber of the Dwarves to watch over Bruenor’s fretful sleep. The herald pulled a scroll tube down from a high shelf, and unrolled the ancient parchment it held: a map of the central northland, between Silverymoon and Mirabar. â€Å"The only dwarven settlement in the time of Mithril Hall above ground, and close enough to a mountain range to give a reference to a numbered peak, would be here,† he said, marking the southernmost peak on the southernmost spur of the Spine of the World, just north of Nesme and the Evermoors. â€Å"The deserted city of stone is simply called â€Å"the Ruins† now, and it was commonly known as Dwarvendarrows when the bearded race lived there. But the ramblings of your companion have convinced me that this is indeed the Settlestone that the book speaks of.† â€Å"Why, then, would the book not refer to it as Dwarvendarrow?† asked Wulfgar. â€Å"Dwarves are a secretive race,† Old Night explained with a knowing chuckle, â€Å"especially where treasure is concerned. Garumn of Mithril Hall was determined to keep the location of his trove hidden from the greed of the outside world. He and Elmor of Settlestone no doubt worked out an arrangement that included intricate codes and constructed names to reference their surroundings. Anything to throw prying mercenaries off the trail. Names that now appear in disjointed places throughout the tomes of dwarven history. Many scholars have probably even read of Mithril Hall, called by some other name that the readers assumed referred to another of the many ancient dwarven homelands now lost to the world.† The herald paused for a moment to digest everything that had occurred. â€Å"You should be away at once,† he advised. â€Å"Carry the dwarf if you must, but get him to Settlestone before the effects of the potion wear away. Walking in his memories, Bruenor might be able to retrace his steps of two hundred years ago back up the mountains to Keeper’s Dale, and to the gate of Mithril Hall.† Drizzt studied the map and the spot that Old Night had marked as the location of Settlestone. â€Å"Back to the west.† he muttered, echoing Alustriel’s suspicions. â€Å"Barely two days march from here.† Wulfgar moved in close to view the parchment and added, in a voice that held both anticipation and a measure of sadness, â€Å"Our road nears its end.† How to cite Streams of Silver 16. Days of Old, Essay examples

Financial Accounting Research - Practice - and Financial Accountability

Question: Describe about the Financial Accounting Research, Practice, and Financial Accountability. Answer: Introduction The main purpose of the assignment is to differentiate between harmonization of accounting standards and convergence of accounting standards. Harmonization mainly focuses on increased comparability in various related accounting policies (Macve 2015). It helps in providing spectacular growth in various sizes of multinational companies like foreign investment as well as cross border listings especially in the stock exchanges. Convergence of accounting standards involves IASB and FASB rules and regulation that brings uniformity of financial information. In the next section, adopting of IFRS in European Union explains the endorsement process in detailed way (Harrison et al. 2014). It faces various drawbacks in final implementation in most of the multinational corporations. In the last section, qualitative characteristics of accounting explains ways that will help in gaining sound information and relevancy of data collected in the financial statements. Harmonization against Convergence Harmonization of International Accounting Standards Meaning of Accounting Harmonization Harmonization is the process that substitutes standardization and implies making the same policies for future analysis. This particular accounting standard helps in increasing the level of compatibility of various accounting policies (Edwards 2013). Accounting Areas with different accounting policies Most of the analysts argue that it requires disaggregated information in areas of financial reporting systems. It helps in concentrating in some key accounting areas consisting of users availing such disaggregated information. Most of the companies exposes towards using various accounting policies for preparing financial statements in an overall manner. It mainly highlights the accounting areas where various accounting policies use financial results in the most appropriate way (Hoskin, Fizzell and Cherry 2014). In accordance with Statement of Accounting Standards, it publishes Institute of chartered accountants of India. These accounting areas involve various accounting policies by business enterprise for desired results. Valuation of stock Valuation of investments Various methods of amortization, depletion and depreciation Valuation of fixed assets Goodwill treatment Conversion into foreign currency Contingent liabilities treatment Retirement benefits Convergence of International Accounting Standards Background Financial Accounting Standards Board is working with IASB (International Accounting Standards Board. In the year 2002, FASB and IASB issued Norwalk Agreement that acknowledges the level of commitment in developing high quality and compatible accounting standards (Lee and Parker 2014). It helps in solving the issues of domestic as well as cross-border financial reporting. In the meeting, FASB and IASB pledges for using: Existing financial reporting standards for practicability Coordinating future work programs for achieving future accounting sets of rules in an overall manner It reaffirms level of commitment with convergence of US General Accepted Accounting Principles (DRURY 2013). A global standard remain for maintaining long-term strategic priority for FASB as well as IASB. Current Scenario FASB and IASB engage in short-term international convergence projects. The main objective of this project is to improve in GAAP and IFRS. It concentrates in eliminating certain individual differences between IFRS and US GAAP (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso 2015). Addition to that, projects under short-term convergence remains limited in areas and address difference behind the scope of the projects. Convergence allows high-quality solution for achieving in the short-run between existing IFRS and GAPP. In the current phase, it is noticed that FASB addresses five key areas: Inventory Costs Asset Exchanges Earnings per share Balance sheet classification Accounting changes FASB and IASB announces long-term international convergence project for covering topics on: Revenue Recognition Leases Fair value measurements Pros and Cons of Harmonization Pros of Harmonization Comparability Harmonization helps in advocating ways in bringing comparing reasons between domestic as well as international peers. It mainly strives for enhancing comparability between various financial statements by restricting alternative accounting treatments in and around countries (Ryan 2012). Investors and analysts believe in comparing with enhanced comparability in the financial statements in the near future. Reduced Reporting Costs Most of the multinationals operates in countries with various accounting standards. It incurs huge costs in preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles. Harmonization of accounting standards benefits especially multinational corporations and preparation of financial statement in and around countries (Bevis 2013). Addition to that, it helps in enabling systematic review for evaluating level of performance for foreign subsidiaries as well as associates. Level Playing Field Harmonization of accounting standards prepares accounting principles in relation with General Accepted Accountability Principles. It idealizes ways in the global markets based upon the accounting principles in an overall manner. International Credibility Financial Statements enhances ways in assessing the level of financial performance for the potential investors in the most appropriate way (Macve 2015). Addition to that, it involves basic concepts for increased level of confidence and performance in an effective way. Cons of Harmonization Harmonization of accounting standards fails to address domestic accounting standards. This accounting standard was criticized that it fails in addressing the issues like social and economic institutions, tax implications, laws as well as political approaches and business practices (Picker 2016). Harmonization exists in different economic environment and it is useless in nature. For instance, country has own practices and adapting towards usage of international reporting standards (Barth 2015). This involves irrelevant information on new reporting standard for introduction of ambiguity and complication for the same. Harmonization of accounting standards fails to distinguish in the level of performance as per accounting requirements. The main aim of harmonization is to make use of financial statements in and around countries. It should make effort in bringing the process of international accounting standards in different countries (Cortesi et al. 2015). It faces difficulty in bringing same sets of principles for measurement as well as disclosure in an overall manner. Harmonization of accounting standards fails in maintaining uniform accounting policies and irresistible in nature (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso 2015). It faces globalization issues and international operations depending upon the accounting standards in the near future. Adoption of IFRS in Europe Background This particular section examines the European Stock Market reactions in association with adoption of IFRS in Europe. Adoption of IFRS represents milestones especially in financial reporting convergence at highest levels of government (Martnezà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ferrero, Garciaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Sanchez and Cuadradoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ballesteros 2015). It involves positive reaction from firms with low quality of pre-adopted measures as well as information symmetry for the same. IFRS adoption faced negative reaction for firms in law countries. It consist investor enforcements of IFRS in and around countries. Positive reaction from IFRS adoption involves pre-adoption and expecting net convergence benefits in an overall manner (Macve 2015). European Union Adoption Process European Union Accounting Regime adopts IFRS accounting standards individually and referred as endorsement. It mainly focuses on European Union adoption for IFRS especially in European countries (Harrison et al. 2014). In the year 2002, European Parliament passes a resolution involving lists on stock exchanges especially for the European member states. It applies IFRS in preparation of financial statements for fiscal years. Adoption of IFRS standards represents substantial shifts in the financial reporting for European firms. The main goal for achieving capital market integration involves convergence the financial reporting in and around Europe (Edwards 2013). Resolution requires firms for using IFRS and issuing IASB in the private-sector standard setter. It mainly endorses standards in accordance with EU. The main objective of EU is to retain the power for rejecting any standard and believes in meeting criteria for endorsement (Hoskin, Fizzell and Cherry 2014). Main criteria involve : Understandability Reliability Comparability Relevance European endorsement process plays an important role in adopting IFRS in Europe. IASB develops IFRS in the procedures especially in its governing constitution. This particular process indulges in public meetings as well as extensive inputs from the parties in and around the world (Hunton, Libby and Mazza 2015). European Financial Reporting Advisory Group is one of the private-sector organizations that comprise experienced accounting experts from European Union. It helps in providing advice on matters relating to technical accounting. IFRS Adoption Events Adopting IFRS involves process for identifying events from 2002 to 2005. It identifies events by using terms in harmonization of accounting standards. It helps in providing initial release listing directional effective on IFRS adoption (Lee and Parker 2014). It mainly indicates carve-outs technical controversies in relation with fair value consideration. It eliminates and endorses ways closer for assessing events in increasing the likelihood of IFRS adoption. European Financial Reporting Advisory Group EFRAG is an organization that establishes broad group of organization for representing the European accounting profession. It mainly aims at preparing national standard setters goals like: It helps in providing technical expertise to the European Commission that mainly concerns usage of IAS especially in European Nation (Scott 2014). It mainly believes in participating IASB standard setting process (Deegan 2013). It helps in coordinating ways for development of European nation in response with International Accounting Standards (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso 2015). Qualitative characteristics of Accounting Information Financial accounting helps in rendering useful information for creditors, investors as well as other decision-makers in and outside the business entity. In order to gather relevant financial information, decision-making process should be understandable in nature (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso 2015). FASB created qualitative characteristics for gathering relevant financial information. This particular characteristic describes useful information in the final decision-making process. Accounting Relevance This particular qualitative characteristic helps in providing financial information to users in the decision-making process. This financial information is not related to users decisions as well as useful to creditors as well as investors (Ryan 2012). FASB commits in making financial reporting relevance to the end users. Accounting Reliability This particular qualitative characteristic helps in rendering financial information and verifies from the investors as well as creditors. Reliability includes trustworthiness on different types of financial statements (Bevis 2013). FASB shows high concern with reliability characteristics in case of financial statement information. Predictive value mainly provides quality financial information by the financial analyst as well as investors for the same. It mainly states the chart performance trends and makes the necessary predictions based upon future performance and profitability (Macve 2015). Timeliness is another factor that helps investors and creditors in final decision-making process. Quality information involves feedback values for confirming correct expectations. It mainly examines financial information and confirming from previous performance trends in an overall manner (Cortesi et al. 2015). Accounting Comparability This particular qualitative characteristic renders quality accounting information in addressing the measurement issues. It uses several measurement techniques in reporting similar kind of issues (Picker 2016). It is important to consider the fact that comparability provides extreme usefulness especially to the end users of financial statements. Accounting Consistency This concept of accounting refers mainly to the principles whereby companies use same accounting methods for recording similar transactions. Companies should not be involves in bouncing between accounting rules as well as treatments (Barth 2015). These actions are directly related in manipulating profits in the financial statements. Accounting consistency mainly helps in improving the quality of accounting information that allows end users in understanding and comparing financial statements. Conclusion It is concluded that harmonization and convergence of accounting standards provides certain sets of rules and regulations. Harmonization of financial statements helps in financial reporting system based upon the international accounting standards in and across the globe. International business community helps in recognizing ways in conducting uniform accounting standards. Initial focus on harmonization accounting standards involves reducing related differences on various accounting principles in and around the world. In the year 1990, it replaces the concept of convergence and providing high set of quality especially in the capital markets. It helps in converging accounting standards into set of rules in meeting the needs of preparing as well as users especially in global constituencies. Understandable financial information offers quality information whereby investors as well as creditors use ways for investment and credit decisions. It will be a waste of time if no one actually unde rstands the financial information. On the contrary, GAAP requires financial information that is understandable to concerned person. Addition to that, it is noticed that average uniformed person fails in understanding complicated set of financial statements. Reference List Barth, M.E., 2015. Financial Accounting Research, Practice, and Financial Accountability.Abacus,51(4), pp.499-510. Bevis, H.W., 2013.Corporate Financial Accounting in a Competitive Economy (RLE Accounting). Routledge. Cortesi, A., Tettamanzi, P., Scaccabarozzi, U., Spertini, I. and Castoldi, S., 2015.Advanced Financial Accounting: Financial Statement AnalysisAccounting IssuesGroup Accounts. EGEA spa. Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. DRURY, C.M., 2013.Management and cost accounting. Springer. Edwards, J.R., 2013.A History of Financial Accounting (RLE Accounting)(Vol. 29). Routledge. Harrison, W.T., Horngren, C.T., Thomas, C.B. and Suwardy, T., 2014. Financial accounting: international financial reporting standards. Hoskin, R.E., Fizzell, M.R. and Cherry, D.C., 2014.Financial accounting: a user perspective. Wiley Global Education. Hunton, J.E., Libby, R. and Mazza, C., 2015. Retraction: Financial Reporting Transparency and Earnings Management.The Accounting Review,90(4), pp.1711-1711. Lee, T.A. and Parker, R.H., 2014.Evolution of Corporate Financial Reporting (RLE Accounting). Routledge. Macve, R., 2015.A Conceptual Framework for Financial Accounting and Reporting: Vision, Tool, Or Threat?. Routledge. Martnezà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ferrero, J., Garciaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Sanchez, I.M. and Cuadradoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ballesteros, B., 2015. Effect of financial reporting quality on sustainability information disclosure.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,22(1), pp.45-64. Picker, R., 2016.Applying international financial reporting standards. John Wiley Sons. Ryan, S.G., 2012. Financial reporting for financial instruments.Foundations and Trends (R) in Accounting,6(34), pp.187-354. Scott, W.R., 2014.Financial accounting theory. Pearson Education Canada. Weygandt, J.J., Kimmel, P.D. and Kieso, D.E., 2015.Financial Managerial Accounting. John Wiley Sons.

Open Source ERP Software free essay sample

Along with the increasing use of Enterprise Resource Planning software, and begin to popular open source movement, open source ERP has become a new alternative control system resources in an organization. It has been widely available open source ERP software, with different features as well, so it is sometimes difficult to choose which is suitable to the needs of the user. This paper discusses about the features and functionality of ERP software popular open source use. In it also issued the comparison between their respective open source ERP software. This paper is expected to provide an overview of the development of open source ERP software, and be able to separate the value and shortcomings of each of the software that will be discussed. ERP software that will be compared in this paper is Opener. This software is assumed to represent the software open source ERP. Key Words: ERP, Open Source, Opener. We will write a custom essay sample on Open Source ERP Software or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1. INTRODUCTION Enterprise Resource Planning, will henceforth abbreviated as ERP, has now become a very important part in the industry and the corporate world. Automation and integration of all functions involved in the process of forming business ERP as an information system capable of facilitating the flow of information between all business functions within the organization, as well as manage relationships with stakeholders. ERP software first appeared on the market as a commercial and proprietary software, because it was so far vendors such as SAP, Peoples and Oracle still dominates the market of ERP software. However, the dominance of commercial software start deterred from open source software movement became popular. Open source ERP software was developed with the aim of minimizing errors and bugs in the system, because everyone can evaluate it. Besides the functionality and compatibility of software development can be faster because everyone is free to develop software. In this paper, we discuss more about the three open source ERP software is popularly used is Opener. Will also compare the features of the open source ERP software with other software. It is hoped this paper can be a reference open source ERP software users to choose which is more suitable to their needs. 2. OPEN ERP Opener is a very unimpressive open source business applications including Sales, CRM, Project management, Warehouse management, Manufacturing, Accounting and Human Resources. Opener has separate client and server components. XML-RPC interfaces are available. Opener free and open source software written in Python programming language. Using GET to create an attractive front end user and enterprise-class Postures database on the back end. Opener system has three main components: 0 Postures Data Server that has all databases. 0 Opener application server that has all the logic of the company. Web server, a different application called Open Object-web client, which allows you to connect to Opener from a web browser. This is not necessary if the user is connected through the GET client Image 1 User Interface to Open ERP 2. 1 Functional opener need a web browser with flash plug-in, because Opener using flash components. This software is designed to manage the manufacturing, supply chain, finance, accounting, project management, human resource management, and customers. Opener has several features that can be easily used by the users to operate the software. Some of them are : 0 Rule-based templates to specify the total price policy. 0 A Dashboard that the appearance and functionality tailored to the needs of each user. Specific customer discounts, percentage markup and so on. Fully integrated email / SMS and corporate wick. Automatic propagation of data into account in all areas of the ERP. Double-entry stock management. Enterprise modules that serve to organize enterprise modeling, hierarchical structures and systems, as well as the classification of sales order. Logistic Modules that serves to regulate the production and supply. Goods (from the warehouse to the customer). Accounting and Finance Modules that serves to analyze and manage company finances and offers solutions to problems of accounting reports. Human Resources Modules serve to organize employees in the form of employee spending arrangements. Project Management which regulates the manufacture of the companys existing projects (can be a financially and operationally). REFERENCES -ream, opener. (2009). opener Features. Accessed from http www. Opener. Com/books/open]structures. PDF 2. 2 Modularity Opener when optimally developed, they can compete with other immemorial ERP software. Opener completely modular, consisting of several modules that can be added to and developed by others, especially in the IT department to meet the needs of the company. Opener installation is relatively easy to setup. Opener provides a variety of alternative sample data packets for different companies. Desktop client works on Mac, Linux and Windows. The software is easy to use and the user can choose whether they want to use a web browser pointing to the Opener server or client using the client application (GET client) installed on each computer. However, this project provides an excellent documentation on the web site and a comprehensive book to go with it. By using Opener enterprise can improve the efficiency of business operations and also more effective in helping them to make the right decision. 2. 3 Advantages and disadvantages 2. 3. 1 Advantages 0 Opener module provides a way for enterprise modeling process. 0 Easy to contours and setup. 0 Provide an alternative decisions. The documentation is excellent. 2. 3. 2 Disadvantages 0 Opener require a full analysis of the existing business processes and the result is a complex modeling.

Famous Education Quotes

Famous Education Quotes Education is the bedrock of social and economic development. Throughout history, philosophers like Aristotle and Plato recognized the importance of education. Use these famous education quotes to inspire others to follow the path of knowledge. It is only through education that we can hope to eradicate social evils. Quotes About Formal Education Some of the greatest thinkers believe that access to formal education is the key to equality and social justice. Many of those thinkers, including Horace Mann and Thomas Jefferson, founded schools and universities to provide the type of education they espoused. Here are some of their thoughts on formal education. Horace MannEducation, then, beyond all other devices of human origin, is the great equalizer of the conditions of men, the balance-wheel of the social machinery.AristotleThe roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet.Thomas JeffersonBigotry is the disease of ignorance, of morbid minds; enthusiasm of the free and buoyant. Education and free discussion are the antidotes of both.Benjamin FranklinGenius without education is like silver in the mine.Helen Keller  The highest result of education is tolerance.Victor HugoHe who opens a school door closes a prison.Malala Yousafzaiâ€Å"One child, one teacher, one book, one pen can change the world.†Ã‚  Nelson Mandela   Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world. Quotes About Informal Learning Many great thinkers believe that formal learning in a school setting is less valuable than experience and informal learning. Some even believe that formal education can slow down or warp the process of discovery and learning. Here are some of their thoughts. Jim Rohn  Ã‚  Formal education will make you a living; self-education will make you a fortune.Albert Einstein  Education is what remains after one has forgotten everything he learned in school.Oscar Wilde  Education is an admirable thing, but it is well to remember from time to time that nothing that is worth knowing can be taught.Galileo Galilei  You cannot teach a man anything, you can only help him find it within himself.†Ã‚   Quotes About Teachers and Teaching Teaching has always been considered one of the most important professions. Over time, the actual day to day experience of teaching and learning has changed. The basic purpose and outcome, however, remain the same. C. S. LewisThe task of the modern educator is not to cut down jungles but to irrigate deserts.Henry Brooks AdamsA teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops.Ralph Waldo Emerson  The secret in education lies in respecting the student.William Arthur Wardâ€Å"The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The great teacher inspires.†Ã‚  Nikos Kazantzakisâ€Å"True teachers are those who use themselves as bridges over which they invite their students to cross; then, having facilitated their crossing, joyfully collapse, encouraging them to create their   own.†Ã‚  Aristotleâ€Å"Those who know, do. Those that understand, teach.†Ã‚  Henry Brooks AdamsTeachers affect eternity; no one can tell where their influence stops.

Facility design and learning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Facility design and learning - Research Paper Example Free education as we know it today did not come into existence until the 1840s, when a popular movement began with education reformers Horace Mann and Henry Barnard. Working in Massachusetts and Connecticut, these two men helped to create statewide â€Å"common-school† systems that would provide education for everyone. (â€Å"Honor America’s Schools†, 2002). Aided by common-school advocates, they worked to establish a free elementary education accessible to everyone and financed by public funds. (â€Å"Honor America’s Schools†, 2002). Public education across the United States remains much the same as the common-school movement that was started in Massachusetts and Connecticut over a century ago. Public education is still free to those that wish to use it; however, American students are scoring lower than other countries in subjects such as science and math (â€Å"Associated Press†, 2007), and the very buildings that were constructed for their education are now being examined as the cause behind the lower test scores. The first cause that is being examined in the correlation between learning and learning facilities are the buildings themselves. According to a study conducted by the Tennessee Advisory Committee on Intergovernmental Relations (TACIR) in 2003, school facility factors such as building age and condition, among others, can affect student health, safety, sense of self, and psychological state. Further evidence of this was determined by Glen I. Earthman in his 2002 study entitled School Facility Conditions and Student Achievement. In this study, Mr. Earthman stated that, when the socioeconomic factors of a classroom were controlled, researchers frequently found a difference between 5 and 17 percentile points between achievements of students in poor quality school buildings when compared with students in standard quality school buildings. Though the terms of poor quality and standard quality were not specifically defined in the study, the evidence was clear – the quality of the building affected the ability of students to learn. The elements of facility design that can affect learning go far beyond the ‘brick and mortar’ approach to a school. Perhaps the biggest contributor inside a school to a student’s learning is the air that they breathe. According to the National Center for Education Statistics 2003 Planning Guide for Maintaining School Facilities, Indoor Air Quality, commonly referred to as IAQ, encompasses almost anything and everything that affects air in an educational building, from mold and pollens to dust, paint odors and other allergens. In 1995, the General Accounting Office (GAO) found that fifteen thousand schools in America suffered from poor IAQ, which affected more than eight million children in the American public school systems across the country (Schneider, 2002). Poor IAQ has been linked to a number of issues that affect student performance. Among the issues are eye, nose, and throat irritation, fatigue, headache, nausea, and sinus problems (Szuba, & Young, 2003). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in a 2000 study, referred to these symptoms in total

Financial & Budgetary Management. Planning Business Performance Essay

Financial & Budgetary Management. Planning Business Performance - Essay Example A budget is a report statement of management’s plans for a specific time period expressed in financial terms (Weygant & Kieso & Kimmel, 2002, p.982). The purpose of this report is to describe the important of a budgeting function and the way it can easily implanted into a business information system. A budget is created to meet the desired timeframe a manager desires. The period of time a budget is created for is a one year accounting period, which is typically aligned with the company fiscal year or the natural year. A budget is an extremely valuable tool that provides decision makers with many advantages. Some of these advantages include; Budgeting is based on the amount of expected economic resources a firm estimates it will generate. Sales are the main source of economic incentive for companies. A budget is created in order to determine the resources need to create the target sales total. The value of a lot of business variables are determined based on expected revenue outcomes. The amount of material purchases, labor requirements, machinery upgrades, information system maintenance among other factors are determined based on an annual budget of a corporation. Budgets are associated with the responsibility centers such as cost centers, profit centers and investment centers. The return on investment of an investment center is studied based on the investment budget which allows the owner to create different profit forecast by manipulating the data from the budget of the investment project. The evaluation that takes place utilizing budgets is data that can be trust if it meets the basic performance standards: Accountability provides budgets with the credibility among professionals since it ensures the system is protected from material error. Accountability is one of many qualities that ensure the quality of the information in the budgeting system. Timeliness, authority, objectivity and accuracy are other variable that ensure quality information is

Marketing Research Gilligans Backpacker Hotel Paper

Marketing Gilligans Backpacker Hotel - Research Paper Example Marketing refers to any process aimed at developing and implementing plans to anticipate, identify and satisfy the customer demands with the chief aim maximizing profit margins of an organization or business. Marketing research forms the arsenal of market analysis. This entails identifying the customer’s requirements, planning an appropriate marketing mix culminating into a good entry into the market. Gilligan’s Backpacker Hotel is located in Australia. The hotel that operates the entertainment industry provides attraction to visitors from all over the world (global and local). Its strategic location makes it accessible by the visitors. This hotel is the leading youth hotel resort in Australia. There are not many aged individuals above the age of 55 years that frequent the place as there are the youths. The services are amazing including accommodation, fully conditioned hotel rooms with ensuite, and the traditional backpacker, from where it draws its name. Additional se rvices include free Wi-Fi, stunning Lagoon swimming pools, free transport from the airport, and free line provision among others (Ooi & Laing 2010). Entertainment facilities in the place include open deck bars, supporting events, plasma television, and outdoor pub screens (Crea, 2013). With all this in place the hotel is frequented by youths and adults aged below 55 years.As previously stated in the introduction, the gap that exists in Gilligan’s Backpacker Hotel is that of the customers or rather visitors who visit the premises

Effect of Paclitaxel for Breast Cancer Treatment

Effect of Paclitaxel for Breast Cancer Treatment Effect of paclitaxel along with withnia sominiferia on lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activity changes in 7,12 di methyl benz(a) anthracene induced breast cancer wistar rats Dr.N.Muninathan1*, Dr.P. Mohanalakshmi2,Ambareesha Kondam k., Dr. S. Malliga3 1* – Department of Biochemistry, Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute, Enathur, Kanchipuram – 631552, Tamil Nadu, India. 2- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Muthukumaran Medical College, Chennai 3- Department of Biochemistry, ESIC Medical College, Chennai Abstract Aim: The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes in the levels of lactate dehydogenase enzyme(LDH) activity and efficacy of combination of paclitaxel along with Withnia Sominiferia against breast cancer in experimental animals. Breast cancer is the commonest cancer among women in all developed countries (except Japan) as well as in North Africa, South America, and southeastern and western Asia. While the incidence of breast cancer appears to be increasing, mortality rates are now declining in at least some western countries. Breast cancer ranks third when both the sexes are considered together and is clearly a significant global public health problem. Design/Methods: Breast cancer was induced in rats by 7, 12 Di methyl benz(a) anthracene (DMBA) at the dosage of 20mgs dissolved in 0.5ml sunflower oil and administered into experimental animals for 28 weeks. In this study, we demonstrated that combination of paclitaxel and withania somnifera revert the changes in the rats f rom lethal dose of DMBA within 30 days. Results: All the isoenzymes LDH1 – LDH5 were observed in cancer bearing animals. Expression of these isoenzymes were found be reduced in paclitaxel and Withania somnifera treated animals. Conclusions: The treatment with combination of paclitaxel and withania somnifera effectively reduced LDH enzyme activity levels. So, from the obtained results it is concluded that paclitaxel and withania somnifera is capable of restoring the breast architecture. Key words: Withania somnifera, DMBA, Paclitaxel, LDH and Breast cancer. Introduction Breast cancer ranks third when both the sexes are considered together (Parkin, 1999) and is clearly a significant global public health problem. There are nearly 8,00,000 new cases of breast cancer worldwide each year .In approximately half of these patients, breast cancer will be the eventual cause of death. Incidence of breast cancer in Indian women is not as high as in western countries (Sinha et al., 2003) .It is the second most common cancer among women in south India. The age standardized rates vary from 22 to 28 per 1, 00,000 women (Sanghvi, 1998). Although the rates appear to be lower than those seen in developed countries, the burden of cancer in India is alarming. Worldwide incidences of breast cancer continue to rise and geographical variations in breast cancer incidence indicate that environment factors contribute to overall risk (Millikan, 1995). Exposure to environmental carcinogens early in life is thought to be one of the first events in the development of breast cancer. Each year breast cancer is diagnosed in 910,000 women worldwide and 376,000 women die from the disease. Most of these cases are in industrial countries e.g., North America (180,000) and Europe (220,000). PAH’s an important class of chemical carcinogens that are widespread in the ambient environment due to fossil fuel combustion for energy production, transportation and industry. DMBA, a potent PAH recognized as an initiator of both skin and liver cancer (Masaaki Miyata et al). The covalent binding of DMBA metabolites to DNA has been implicated as a critical step in the initiation phase of cancers. Paclitaxel (Taxol), a naturally occurring antineoplastic agent has shown great promise in the therapeutic management of certain human solid tumors particularly in metastatic breast cancer and malignancy involves skin, lung and refractory ovaries. It is the original member of the taxane group of anticancer drugs derived from the bark and needles of the pacific yew tree â€Å"Taxus brevifolia†. Paclitaxels antitumor activity was discovered in1960’s during a large scale 35,000 plants-screening program sponsored by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), USA. Withania is widely used in Ayurvedic medicine in India and in Unani and Middle Eastern traditional medicines, where it is highly regarded as a panacea, aphrodisiac, and rejuvenative. Withania sominifera (L). Dunal (Solanaceae) commonly called Ashwagandha (Sanskrit) is an Ayurvedic Indian medicinal plant, which has been widely used as a home remedy for several ailments.(Bhattacharya et al., 1997) The use of ashwagandha in Ayurvedic medicine extends back more than 3000 to 4000 years (Upton, 2000) (Agarwall et al., 1997). It has been widely extolled as a tonic, especially for emaciation in people of all ages, including babies, and enhances the reproductive function of both men and women. It has also been used for inflammation, especially in antitumor, arthritic and rheumatic conditions, for asthma, and as a major tonic to counteract aging and promote youthful longevity (Dhuley., 1998). Materials And Methods 1.1. Chemicals: 7,12 Dimethyl benz (a) anthracene and Withania somnifera were purchased from Sigma chemical company, USA. All the other chemicals used were of analytical grade. 1.2. Animal care and housing: Female Wistar rats, 6-8 weeks of age and weighing 150-200g, were used. The animals were procured from Central Animal House Block, Meenakshi Medical College and Research institute, Kanchipuran, Tamil Nadu, India and maintained in a controlled environmental condition of temperature and humidity on alternatively 12 h light/dark cycles. All animals were fed standard pellet diet (Gold Mohor rat feed, Ms.Hindustan Lever Ltd., Mumbai) and water ad libitum. This research work on wistar female rats was sanctioned and approved by the Institutional Animal Ethical Committee (REG NO. 765/03/ca/CPCSEA). 1.3. Experimental Design The animals were divided in to six groups of 6 animals each. Group I animals served as control, Group II, III, IV, V as animals treated with DMBA (20mg ) per animal in sunflower oil (0.5ml), three times a week for 28 weeks to induce skin cancer. After tumor induction Group III animals were treated with Paclitaxel (33mg/kg b.wt) once in a week for 4 weeks. Group IV animals were treated with Withania somnifera (250 µg/animal) for 30 days. Group V animals were treated with both Paclitaxel and Withania somnifera (as in group III and group IV). These were Group VI Control animals treated with paclitaxel and Withania somnifera for 28weeks plus 30 days. After the experimental period of 32 weeks, the animals were sacrificed by cervical decapitation. 1.4. Biochemical analysis The isoenzymes pattern of lactate dehydrogenase was separated by the method of Dietz and Lubrano (1967). III. Results Plate 1 depicts the Isoenzyme pattern of lactate dehydrogenase in serum of control and experimental animals. All the isoenzymes LDH1 – LDH5 were observed in cancer bearing (group II) animals. Expression of these isoenzymes were found be reduced in paclitaxel (group III) and Withania somnifera (group IV) treated animals. However a much significant reduction in the LDH isoenzyme expression pattern was observed in-group V animals treated with both paclitaxel and Withania somnifera. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme pattern in serum of control and experimental animals Lane 1:Control Lane 2:DMBA treated Lane 3:Paclitaxel treated Lane 4:Withania somnifera treated Lane 5:Paclitaxel and Withania somnifera treated cancer bearing animal Lane 6:Paclitaxel and Withania somnifera treated control animal IV. Discussion: Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is the most common clinical enzyme used in the cancer patients for prognostic purpose ( Invone et al., 1998). It has an important role in germ cell functions and can predict responses to chemotherapy and the prospects of remission. Human cancer tissues typically exhibit 2-3 fold increases in glycolytic enzymes and LDH activity. Sandhya Mishra et al. (2004) have also reported the increased level of LDH in breast cancer patients. Anderson and Kovatik (1981) reported greater LDH activity in breast cancer conditions. There was a significant increase in LDH level in serum of cancer bearing Group II animals. This might be due to the membrane disruptions that caused the release of these enzymes from the cancer cells or the overproduction by the tumor cells (Helmes et al., 1998). The elevated LDH activity may also have resulted from differences in the rate of synthesis, degradation or the excretion of the enzymes in the mammary cancer bearing animals. Schwartz (1973) has reported that among the isoenzymes LDH5 was six times greater than LDH1 in mammary tumor cells. Flavanoids have proved to possess antitumor effect on various animal models (Ames et al., 1995). The biological and pharmacological activity of Withania somnifera was associated with phenolic compounds mainly to flavanoids, aromatic acids and esters (Burdock, 1998; De catsro, 2001). Antioxidant activity of flavanoids may also be due to their structural features and its action on membrane (Saija et al., 1995; Mathur et al., 2003 ; Mohan et al., 2006). Paclitaxel being rich in flavanoid content possess antitumor and antiproliferative activities that stabilizes the membrane permeability and reduces the release of LDH. V. Statistical analysis For statistical analysis, one way analysis of analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used, followed by the Newman-Keuls Multiple Comparison test. VI. Conclusion From the present study, the effect of Paclitaxel- Withania somnifera combination proved to be effective chemotherapeutic agent against DMBA induced Breast cancer in wistar rats compared to that of paclitaxel or Withania somnifera confirmed analyzing the LDH isoenzymes levels in serum. Reference Agarwal, R., Diwanay, S., Patki, P., and Patwardhan, B ( 1999). Studies on immunomodulatory activity of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) extracts in experimental immune inflammation. J Ethnopharmacol, 67: 27-35. Ames BN, Swirsky G and Willet WC. (1995). The causes and prevention of cancer. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA., 92:5258-5265. Anderson GR, Kovacik WP Jr. (1981). LDHK an unusual oxygen – sensitive lactate dehydrogenase expressed in human cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 78 (8): 3209 – 13. Bhattacharya, S. K., Satyan, K. S., and Ghosal, S. (1997). Antioxidant activity of glycowithanolides from Withania somnifera. Indian J Exp Biol, 35: 236-239. Budhiraja, R. D., Sudhir, S., and Garg, K. N.( 1983). Cardiovascular effects of a withanolide from Withania coagulans, dunal fruits. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 27: 129-134. Burdock GA. (1998). Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee propolis (propolis). Food and chemical toxicology. 36 : 347-363. Decastro SI. (2001). Propolis: biological and pharmacological activities. Therapeutic uses of this bee product. Annual review on biological sciences. 3 : 49-83. Dhuley, J. N. (1998). Therapeutic efficacy of Ashwagandha against experimental aspergillosis in mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol, 20: 191-198. Dietz AA. and Lubrano T. (1967). Separation and quantification of LDH isoenzyme by disc electrophoresis. Anal. Biochem., 20 : 246-257. Helmes MH, Modia A, Moneim EL, Moustafae MS, Bale EL and Safinoz MEL. (1998). Clinical values of serum LDH, ceruloplasmin and lipid bound sialic acid in monitoring patients with malignant lymphomas. Medical Science Research, 26 : 613-617. Iuvone, T., Esposito, G., Capasso, F., and Izzo, A. A. (2003). Induction of nitric oxide synthase expression by Withania somnifera in macrophages. Life Sci, 72: 1617- 1625. Mathur, R., Gupta, S. K., Singh, N., Mathur, S., Kochupillai, V., and Velpandian, T.( 2006). Evaluation of the effect of Withania somnifera root extracts on cell cycle and angiogenesis. J Ethnopharmacol, 105: 336-341. Millikan R, De Voto E, Newman B. and Savitz D. (1995). Studying environmental influences and breast cancer risk: suggestions for an integrated population based approach. Br.Cancer Res.Treat., 35: 79-89. Mohan, R., Hammers, H. J., Bargagna-Mohan, P., Zhan, X. H., Herbstritt, C. J., Ruiz, A., Zhang, L., Hanson, A. D., Conner, B. P., Rougas, J., and Pribluda, V. S.( 2004). Withaferin A is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Angiogenesis, 7: 115-122. Parkin DM, Whelan SL, Ferlay, Raymond L, and Young J. (1997). Cancer incidence in five continents. Volume VIII.IARC. Scientific Publications, 143 IARC, Lyon, 858-1009. Rasool, M. and Varalakshmi, P.( 2003). Immunomodulatory role of Withania somnifera root powder on experimental induced inflammation: An in vivo and in vitro study. Vascul Pharmacol, 44: 406-410. Saija A, Scalese M, Lanza M, Marzullo D, Bonina F. and Castelli F. (1995). Flavanoids as antioxidant agents: Importance of their interactions with biomembranes. Free Rad.Biol.Med., 19: 481-486. Sandhya Mishra DC, Sharma and Praveen Sharma. (2004). Studies of Biochemical parameters in breast cancer with and without metastasis. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry. 19(1) : 71 – 75. Sanghvi LD. (1998). Report on cancer epidemiology. 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How can acousmatic music communicate its intention to the listener? Ess

Acousmatic music can be challenging to communicate its intention to the listener. Unlike traditional music their is 'no score, no system and no pre-segmented discrete units like notes' (Anderson, 2007; p. 2). Acousmatic music uses what is heard without seeing or knowing the physical origin of the sound as a compositional tool (Contrà ©, WWW). 'It is a type of electroacoustic music, which exists in a recorded format, transmitted and perceived, during performances, via the loudspeaker' (Anderson, p. 2). Rather than understanding conventional musical forms acousmatic music may rely only on communication. Communication primarily focuses on language. There are different forms of language when introduced to electroacoustic music. Language can be understood through listening, perception and identification or understanding (Adkins, 1999; p. 2; Delalande, 1998; pp. 26 - 49; Nudds, 2007; p.7; Seddon, 2005; p. 1). These will be looked at to see if they can help in communicating the intention o f acousmatic music to the listener. Understanding language beforehand may help in better understanding listening, perception and identification. Language is the bearer of meaning and is a universal medium of communication (Evans, 1973; p. 42; Stenlund, 1990; p. 14). With in electroacoustic music, language is used as a 'tool for establishing an aesthetic' (Keane, 1986; p. 118). Pierre Schaeffer considers it as being 'presupposed' (Windsor, 1995; 1.1.1). Although, both talking about language they talk about different aspects of language in relation with electroacoustic music. Schaeffer talks about the creation of music, Keane talks about the process before making music. Schaeffer's theory of language may mask the communication between composer and liste... ...eane's suggestion of explaining and expressing the intention to the listener through speech or literature (communication) seems like the most plausible way of making sure the listener will know the composer's intent. This way the listener could put the composer's intention together whilst listening, which may make the listening experience more enjoyable. 'The more informed the listener is about the music the more pleasurable and meaning the listening experience' (Burton, Cavalier, Hoffer, Hughes, 1997; p. 1). Although, there are listeners who want to make their own listening experience through their perception regardless of knowing the intention of the piece. The only listeners who enjoyed the pieces were the musically trained listeners. Their theory was listening to acousmatic music may help them in gaining a wider understanding on the subject as it is ambiguous.