Open Source ERP Software free essay sample

Along with the increasing use of Enterprise Resource Planning software, and begin to popular open source movement, open source ERP has become a new alternative control system resources in an organization. It has been widely available open source ERP software, with different features as well, so it is sometimes difficult to choose which is suitable to the needs of the user. This paper discusses about the features and functionality of ERP software popular open source use. In it also issued the comparison between their respective open source ERP software. This paper is expected to provide an overview of the development of open source ERP software, and be able to separate the value and shortcomings of each of the software that will be discussed. ERP software that will be compared in this paper is Opener. This software is assumed to represent the software open source ERP. Key Words: ERP, Open Source, Opener. We will write a custom essay sample on Open Source ERP Software or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1. INTRODUCTION Enterprise Resource Planning, will henceforth abbreviated as ERP, has now become a very important part in the industry and the corporate world. Automation and integration of all functions involved in the process of forming business ERP as an information system capable of facilitating the flow of information between all business functions within the organization, as well as manage relationships with stakeholders. ERP software first appeared on the market as a commercial and proprietary software, because it was so far vendors such as SAP, Peoples and Oracle still dominates the market of ERP software. However, the dominance of commercial software start deterred from open source software movement became popular. Open source ERP software was developed with the aim of minimizing errors and bugs in the system, because everyone can evaluate it. Besides the functionality and compatibility of software development can be faster because everyone is free to develop software. In this paper, we discuss more about the three open source ERP software is popularly used is Opener. Will also compare the features of the open source ERP software with other software. It is hoped this paper can be a reference open source ERP software users to choose which is more suitable to their needs. 2. OPEN ERP Opener is a very unimpressive open source business applications including Sales, CRM, Project management, Warehouse management, Manufacturing, Accounting and Human Resources. Opener has separate client and server components. XML-RPC interfaces are available. Opener free and open source software written in Python programming language. Using GET to create an attractive front end user and enterprise-class Postures database on the back end. Opener system has three main components: 0 Postures Data Server that has all databases. 0 Opener application server that has all the logic of the company. Web server, a different application called Open Object-web client, which allows you to connect to Opener from a web browser. This is not necessary if the user is connected through the GET client Image 1 User Interface to Open ERP 2. 1 Functional opener need a web browser with flash plug-in, because Opener using flash components. This software is designed to manage the manufacturing, supply chain, finance, accounting, project management, human resource management, and customers. Opener has several features that can be easily used by the users to operate the software. Some of them are : 0 Rule-based templates to specify the total price policy. 0 A Dashboard that the appearance and functionality tailored to the needs of each user. Specific customer discounts, percentage markup and so on. Fully integrated email / SMS and corporate wick. Automatic propagation of data into account in all areas of the ERP. Double-entry stock management. Enterprise modules that serve to organize enterprise modeling, hierarchical structures and systems, as well as the classification of sales order. Logistic Modules that serves to regulate the production and supply. Goods (from the warehouse to the customer). Accounting and Finance Modules that serves to analyze and manage company finances and offers solutions to problems of accounting reports. Human Resources Modules serve to organize employees in the form of employee spending arrangements. Project Management which regulates the manufacture of the companys existing projects (can be a financially and operationally). REFERENCES -ream, opener. (2009). opener Features. Accessed from http www. Opener. Com/books/open]structures. PDF 2. 2 Modularity Opener when optimally developed, they can compete with other immemorial ERP software. Opener completely modular, consisting of several modules that can be added to and developed by others, especially in the IT department to meet the needs of the company. Opener installation is relatively easy to setup. Opener provides a variety of alternative sample data packets for different companies. Desktop client works on Mac, Linux and Windows. The software is easy to use and the user can choose whether they want to use a web browser pointing to the Opener server or client using the client application (GET client) installed on each computer. However, this project provides an excellent documentation on the web site and a comprehensive book to go with it. By using Opener enterprise can improve the efficiency of business operations and also more effective in helping them to make the right decision. 2. 3 Advantages and disadvantages 2. 3. 1 Advantages 0 Opener module provides a way for enterprise modeling process. 0 Easy to contours and setup. 0 Provide an alternative decisions. The documentation is excellent. 2. 3. 2 Disadvantages 0 Opener require a full analysis of the existing business processes and the result is a complex modeling.

Famous Education Quotes

Famous Education Quotes Education is the bedrock of social and economic development. Throughout history, philosophers like Aristotle and Plato recognized the importance of education. Use these famous education quotes to inspire others to follow the path of knowledge. It is only through education that we can hope to eradicate social evils. Quotes About Formal Education Some of the greatest thinkers believe that access to formal education is the key to equality and social justice. Many of those thinkers, including Horace Mann and Thomas Jefferson, founded schools and universities to provide the type of education they espoused. Here are some of their thoughts on formal education. Horace MannEducation, then, beyond all other devices of human origin, is the great equalizer of the conditions of men, the balance-wheel of the social machinery.AristotleThe roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet.Thomas JeffersonBigotry is the disease of ignorance, of morbid minds; enthusiasm of the free and buoyant. Education and free discussion are the antidotes of both.Benjamin FranklinGenius without education is like silver in the mine.Helen Keller  The highest result of education is tolerance.Victor HugoHe who opens a school door closes a prison.Malala Yousafzaiâ€Å"One child, one teacher, one book, one pen can change the world.†Ã‚  Nelson Mandela   Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world. Quotes About Informal Learning Many great thinkers believe that formal learning in a school setting is less valuable than experience and informal learning. Some even believe that formal education can slow down or warp the process of discovery and learning. Here are some of their thoughts. Jim Rohn  Ã‚  Formal education will make you a living; self-education will make you a fortune.Albert Einstein  Education is what remains after one has forgotten everything he learned in school.Oscar Wilde  Education is an admirable thing, but it is well to remember from time to time that nothing that is worth knowing can be taught.Galileo Galilei  You cannot teach a man anything, you can only help him find it within himself.†Ã‚   Quotes About Teachers and Teaching Teaching has always been considered one of the most important professions. Over time, the actual day to day experience of teaching and learning has changed. The basic purpose and outcome, however, remain the same. C. S. LewisThe task of the modern educator is not to cut down jungles but to irrigate deserts.Henry Brooks AdamsA teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops.Ralph Waldo Emerson  The secret in education lies in respecting the student.William Arthur Wardâ€Å"The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The great teacher inspires.†Ã‚  Nikos Kazantzakisâ€Å"True teachers are those who use themselves as bridges over which they invite their students to cross; then, having facilitated their crossing, joyfully collapse, encouraging them to create their   own.†Ã‚  Aristotleâ€Å"Those who know, do. Those that understand, teach.†Ã‚  Henry Brooks AdamsTeachers affect eternity; no one can tell where their influence stops.

Facility design and learning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Facility design and learning - Research Paper Example Free education as we know it today did not come into existence until the 1840s, when a popular movement began with education reformers Horace Mann and Henry Barnard. Working in Massachusetts and Connecticut, these two men helped to create statewide â€Å"common-school† systems that would provide education for everyone. (â€Å"Honor America’s Schools†, 2002). Aided by common-school advocates, they worked to establish a free elementary education accessible to everyone and financed by public funds. (â€Å"Honor America’s Schools†, 2002). Public education across the United States remains much the same as the common-school movement that was started in Massachusetts and Connecticut over a century ago. Public education is still free to those that wish to use it; however, American students are scoring lower than other countries in subjects such as science and math (â€Å"Associated Press†, 2007), and the very buildings that were constructed for their education are now being examined as the cause behind the lower test scores. The first cause that is being examined in the correlation between learning and learning facilities are the buildings themselves. According to a study conducted by the Tennessee Advisory Committee on Intergovernmental Relations (TACIR) in 2003, school facility factors such as building age and condition, among others, can affect student health, safety, sense of self, and psychological state. Further evidence of this was determined by Glen I. Earthman in his 2002 study entitled School Facility Conditions and Student Achievement. In this study, Mr. Earthman stated that, when the socioeconomic factors of a classroom were controlled, researchers frequently found a difference between 5 and 17 percentile points between achievements of students in poor quality school buildings when compared with students in standard quality school buildings. Though the terms of poor quality and standard quality were not specifically defined in the study, the evidence was clear – the quality of the building affected the ability of students to learn. The elements of facility design that can affect learning go far beyond the ‘brick and mortar’ approach to a school. Perhaps the biggest contributor inside a school to a student’s learning is the air that they breathe. According to the National Center for Education Statistics 2003 Planning Guide for Maintaining School Facilities, Indoor Air Quality, commonly referred to as IAQ, encompasses almost anything and everything that affects air in an educational building, from mold and pollens to dust, paint odors and other allergens. In 1995, the General Accounting Office (GAO) found that fifteen thousand schools in America suffered from poor IAQ, which affected more than eight million children in the American public school systems across the country (Schneider, 2002). Poor IAQ has been linked to a number of issues that affect student performance. Among the issues are eye, nose, and throat irritation, fatigue, headache, nausea, and sinus problems (Szuba, & Young, 2003). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in a 2000 study, referred to these symptoms in total

Financial & Budgetary Management. Planning Business Performance Essay

Financial & Budgetary Management. Planning Business Performance - Essay Example A budget is a report statement of management’s plans for a specific time period expressed in financial terms (Weygant & Kieso & Kimmel, 2002, p.982). The purpose of this report is to describe the important of a budgeting function and the way it can easily implanted into a business information system. A budget is created to meet the desired timeframe a manager desires. The period of time a budget is created for is a one year accounting period, which is typically aligned with the company fiscal year or the natural year. A budget is an extremely valuable tool that provides decision makers with many advantages. Some of these advantages include; Budgeting is based on the amount of expected economic resources a firm estimates it will generate. Sales are the main source of economic incentive for companies. A budget is created in order to determine the resources need to create the target sales total. The value of a lot of business variables are determined based on expected revenue outcomes. The amount of material purchases, labor requirements, machinery upgrades, information system maintenance among other factors are determined based on an annual budget of a corporation. Budgets are associated with the responsibility centers such as cost centers, profit centers and investment centers. The return on investment of an investment center is studied based on the investment budget which allows the owner to create different profit forecast by manipulating the data from the budget of the investment project. The evaluation that takes place utilizing budgets is data that can be trust if it meets the basic performance standards: Accountability provides budgets with the credibility among professionals since it ensures the system is protected from material error. Accountability is one of many qualities that ensure the quality of the information in the budgeting system. Timeliness, authority, objectivity and accuracy are other variable that ensure quality information is

Marketing Research Gilligans Backpacker Hotel Paper

Marketing Gilligans Backpacker Hotel - Research Paper Example Marketing refers to any process aimed at developing and implementing plans to anticipate, identify and satisfy the customer demands with the chief aim maximizing profit margins of an organization or business. Marketing research forms the arsenal of market analysis. This entails identifying the customer’s requirements, planning an appropriate marketing mix culminating into a good entry into the market. Gilligan’s Backpacker Hotel is located in Australia. The hotel that operates the entertainment industry provides attraction to visitors from all over the world (global and local). Its strategic location makes it accessible by the visitors. This hotel is the leading youth hotel resort in Australia. There are not many aged individuals above the age of 55 years that frequent the place as there are the youths. The services are amazing including accommodation, fully conditioned hotel rooms with ensuite, and the traditional backpacker, from where it draws its name. Additional se rvices include free Wi-Fi, stunning Lagoon swimming pools, free transport from the airport, and free line provision among others (Ooi & Laing 2010). Entertainment facilities in the place include open deck bars, supporting events, plasma television, and outdoor pub screens (Crea, 2013). With all this in place the hotel is frequented by youths and adults aged below 55 years.As previously stated in the introduction, the gap that exists in Gilligan’s Backpacker Hotel is that of the customers or rather visitors who visit the premises

Effect of Paclitaxel for Breast Cancer Treatment

Effect of Paclitaxel for Breast Cancer Treatment Effect of paclitaxel along with withnia sominiferia on lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activity changes in 7,12 di methyl benz(a) anthracene induced breast cancer wistar rats Dr.N.Muninathan1*, Dr.P. Mohanalakshmi2,Ambareesha Kondam k., Dr. S. Malliga3 1* – Department of Biochemistry, Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute, Enathur, Kanchipuram – 631552, Tamil Nadu, India. 2- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Muthukumaran Medical College, Chennai 3- Department of Biochemistry, ESIC Medical College, Chennai Abstract Aim: The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes in the levels of lactate dehydogenase enzyme(LDH) activity and efficacy of combination of paclitaxel along with Withnia Sominiferia against breast cancer in experimental animals. Breast cancer is the commonest cancer among women in all developed countries (except Japan) as well as in North Africa, South America, and southeastern and western Asia. While the incidence of breast cancer appears to be increasing, mortality rates are now declining in at least some western countries. Breast cancer ranks third when both the sexes are considered together and is clearly a significant global public health problem. Design/Methods: Breast cancer was induced in rats by 7, 12 Di methyl benz(a) anthracene (DMBA) at the dosage of 20mgs dissolved in 0.5ml sunflower oil and administered into experimental animals for 28 weeks. In this study, we demonstrated that combination of paclitaxel and withania somnifera revert the changes in the rats f rom lethal dose of DMBA within 30 days. Results: All the isoenzymes LDH1 – LDH5 were observed in cancer bearing animals. Expression of these isoenzymes were found be reduced in paclitaxel and Withania somnifera treated animals. Conclusions: The treatment with combination of paclitaxel and withania somnifera effectively reduced LDH enzyme activity levels. So, from the obtained results it is concluded that paclitaxel and withania somnifera is capable of restoring the breast architecture. Key words: Withania somnifera, DMBA, Paclitaxel, LDH and Breast cancer. Introduction Breast cancer ranks third when both the sexes are considered together (Parkin, 1999) and is clearly a significant global public health problem. There are nearly 8,00,000 new cases of breast cancer worldwide each year .In approximately half of these patients, breast cancer will be the eventual cause of death. Incidence of breast cancer in Indian women is not as high as in western countries (Sinha et al., 2003) .It is the second most common cancer among women in south India. The age standardized rates vary from 22 to 28 per 1, 00,000 women (Sanghvi, 1998). Although the rates appear to be lower than those seen in developed countries, the burden of cancer in India is alarming. Worldwide incidences of breast cancer continue to rise and geographical variations in breast cancer incidence indicate that environment factors contribute to overall risk (Millikan, 1995). Exposure to environmental carcinogens early in life is thought to be one of the first events in the development of breast cancer. Each year breast cancer is diagnosed in 910,000 women worldwide and 376,000 women die from the disease. Most of these cases are in industrial countries e.g., North America (180,000) and Europe (220,000). PAH’s an important class of chemical carcinogens that are widespread in the ambient environment due to fossil fuel combustion for energy production, transportation and industry. DMBA, a potent PAH recognized as an initiator of both skin and liver cancer (Masaaki Miyata et al). The covalent binding of DMBA metabolites to DNA has been implicated as a critical step in the initiation phase of cancers. Paclitaxel (Taxol), a naturally occurring antineoplastic agent has shown great promise in the therapeutic management of certain human solid tumors particularly in metastatic breast cancer and malignancy involves skin, lung and refractory ovaries. It is the original member of the taxane group of anticancer drugs derived from the bark and needles of the pacific yew tree â€Å"Taxus brevifolia†. Paclitaxels antitumor activity was discovered in1960’s during a large scale 35,000 plants-screening program sponsored by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), USA. Withania is widely used in Ayurvedic medicine in India and in Unani and Middle Eastern traditional medicines, where it is highly regarded as a panacea, aphrodisiac, and rejuvenative. Withania sominifera (L). Dunal (Solanaceae) commonly called Ashwagandha (Sanskrit) is an Ayurvedic Indian medicinal plant, which has been widely used as a home remedy for several ailments.(Bhattacharya et al., 1997) The use of ashwagandha in Ayurvedic medicine extends back more than 3000 to 4000 years (Upton, 2000) (Agarwall et al., 1997). It has been widely extolled as a tonic, especially for emaciation in people of all ages, including babies, and enhances the reproductive function of both men and women. It has also been used for inflammation, especially in antitumor, arthritic and rheumatic conditions, for asthma, and as a major tonic to counteract aging and promote youthful longevity (Dhuley., 1998). Materials And Methods 1.1. Chemicals: 7,12 Dimethyl benz (a) anthracene and Withania somnifera were purchased from Sigma chemical company, USA. All the other chemicals used were of analytical grade. 1.2. Animal care and housing: Female Wistar rats, 6-8 weeks of age and weighing 150-200g, were used. The animals were procured from Central Animal House Block, Meenakshi Medical College and Research institute, Kanchipuran, Tamil Nadu, India and maintained in a controlled environmental condition of temperature and humidity on alternatively 12 h light/dark cycles. All animals were fed standard pellet diet (Gold Mohor rat feed, Ms.Hindustan Lever Ltd., Mumbai) and water ad libitum. This research work on wistar female rats was sanctioned and approved by the Institutional Animal Ethical Committee (REG NO. 765/03/ca/CPCSEA). 1.3. Experimental Design The animals were divided in to six groups of 6 animals each. Group I animals served as control, Group II, III, IV, V as animals treated with DMBA (20mg ) per animal in sunflower oil (0.5ml), three times a week for 28 weeks to induce skin cancer. After tumor induction Group III animals were treated with Paclitaxel (33mg/kg b.wt) once in a week for 4 weeks. Group IV animals were treated with Withania somnifera (250 µg/animal) for 30 days. Group V animals were treated with both Paclitaxel and Withania somnifera (as in group III and group IV). These were Group VI Control animals treated with paclitaxel and Withania somnifera for 28weeks plus 30 days. After the experimental period of 32 weeks, the animals were sacrificed by cervical decapitation. 1.4. Biochemical analysis The isoenzymes pattern of lactate dehydrogenase was separated by the method of Dietz and Lubrano (1967). III. Results Plate 1 depicts the Isoenzyme pattern of lactate dehydrogenase in serum of control and experimental animals. All the isoenzymes LDH1 – LDH5 were observed in cancer bearing (group II) animals. Expression of these isoenzymes were found be reduced in paclitaxel (group III) and Withania somnifera (group IV) treated animals. However a much significant reduction in the LDH isoenzyme expression pattern was observed in-group V animals treated with both paclitaxel and Withania somnifera. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme pattern in serum of control and experimental animals Lane 1:Control Lane 2:DMBA treated Lane 3:Paclitaxel treated Lane 4:Withania somnifera treated Lane 5:Paclitaxel and Withania somnifera treated cancer bearing animal Lane 6:Paclitaxel and Withania somnifera treated control animal IV. Discussion: Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is the most common clinical enzyme used in the cancer patients for prognostic purpose ( Invone et al., 1998). It has an important role in germ cell functions and can predict responses to chemotherapy and the prospects of remission. Human cancer tissues typically exhibit 2-3 fold increases in glycolytic enzymes and LDH activity. Sandhya Mishra et al. (2004) have also reported the increased level of LDH in breast cancer patients. Anderson and Kovatik (1981) reported greater LDH activity in breast cancer conditions. There was a significant increase in LDH level in serum of cancer bearing Group II animals. This might be due to the membrane disruptions that caused the release of these enzymes from the cancer cells or the overproduction by the tumor cells (Helmes et al., 1998). The elevated LDH activity may also have resulted from differences in the rate of synthesis, degradation or the excretion of the enzymes in the mammary cancer bearing animals. Schwartz (1973) has reported that among the isoenzymes LDH5 was six times greater than LDH1 in mammary tumor cells. Flavanoids have proved to possess antitumor effect on various animal models (Ames et al., 1995). The biological and pharmacological activity of Withania somnifera was associated with phenolic compounds mainly to flavanoids, aromatic acids and esters (Burdock, 1998; De catsro, 2001). Antioxidant activity of flavanoids may also be due to their structural features and its action on membrane (Saija et al., 1995; Mathur et al., 2003 ; Mohan et al., 2006). Paclitaxel being rich in flavanoid content possess antitumor and antiproliferative activities that stabilizes the membrane permeability and reduces the release of LDH. V. Statistical analysis For statistical analysis, one way analysis of analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used, followed by the Newman-Keuls Multiple Comparison test. VI. Conclusion From the present study, the effect of Paclitaxel- Withania somnifera combination proved to be effective chemotherapeutic agent against DMBA induced Breast cancer in wistar rats compared to that of paclitaxel or Withania somnifera confirmed analyzing the LDH isoenzymes levels in serum. Reference Agarwal, R., Diwanay, S., Patki, P., and Patwardhan, B ( 1999). Studies on immunomodulatory activity of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) extracts in experimental immune inflammation. J Ethnopharmacol, 67: 27-35. Ames BN, Swirsky G and Willet WC. (1995). The causes and prevention of cancer. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA., 92:5258-5265. Anderson GR, Kovacik WP Jr. (1981). LDHK an unusual oxygen – sensitive lactate dehydrogenase expressed in human cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 78 (8): 3209 – 13. Bhattacharya, S. K., Satyan, K. S., and Ghosal, S. (1997). Antioxidant activity of glycowithanolides from Withania somnifera. Indian J Exp Biol, 35: 236-239. Budhiraja, R. D., Sudhir, S., and Garg, K. N.( 1983). Cardiovascular effects of a withanolide from Withania coagulans, dunal fruits. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 27: 129-134. Burdock GA. (1998). Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee propolis (propolis). Food and chemical toxicology. 36 : 347-363. Decastro SI. (2001). Propolis: biological and pharmacological activities. Therapeutic uses of this bee product. Annual review on biological sciences. 3 : 49-83. Dhuley, J. N. (1998). Therapeutic efficacy of Ashwagandha against experimental aspergillosis in mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol, 20: 191-198. Dietz AA. and Lubrano T. (1967). Separation and quantification of LDH isoenzyme by disc electrophoresis. Anal. Biochem., 20 : 246-257. Helmes MH, Modia A, Moneim EL, Moustafae MS, Bale EL and Safinoz MEL. (1998). Clinical values of serum LDH, ceruloplasmin and lipid bound sialic acid in monitoring patients with malignant lymphomas. Medical Science Research, 26 : 613-617. Iuvone, T., Esposito, G., Capasso, F., and Izzo, A. A. (2003). Induction of nitric oxide synthase expression by Withania somnifera in macrophages. Life Sci, 72: 1617- 1625. Mathur, R., Gupta, S. K., Singh, N., Mathur, S., Kochupillai, V., and Velpandian, T.( 2006). Evaluation of the effect of Withania somnifera root extracts on cell cycle and angiogenesis. J Ethnopharmacol, 105: 336-341. Millikan R, De Voto E, Newman B. and Savitz D. (1995). Studying environmental influences and breast cancer risk: suggestions for an integrated population based approach. Br.Cancer Res.Treat., 35: 79-89. Mohan, R., Hammers, H. J., Bargagna-Mohan, P., Zhan, X. H., Herbstritt, C. J., Ruiz, A., Zhang, L., Hanson, A. D., Conner, B. P., Rougas, J., and Pribluda, V. S.( 2004). Withaferin A is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Angiogenesis, 7: 115-122. Parkin DM, Whelan SL, Ferlay, Raymond L, and Young J. (1997). Cancer incidence in five continents. Volume VIII.IARC. Scientific Publications, 143 IARC, Lyon, 858-1009. Rasool, M. and Varalakshmi, P.( 2003). Immunomodulatory role of Withania somnifera root powder on experimental induced inflammation: An in vivo and in vitro study. Vascul Pharmacol, 44: 406-410. Saija A, Scalese M, Lanza M, Marzullo D, Bonina F. and Castelli F. (1995). Flavanoids as antioxidant agents: Importance of their interactions with biomembranes. Free Rad.Biol.Med., 19: 481-486. Sandhya Mishra DC, Sharma and Praveen Sharma. (2004). Studies of Biochemical parameters in breast cancer with and without metastasis. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry. 19(1) : 71 – 75. Sanghvi LD. (1998). Report on cancer epidemiology. Indian association of cancer research. 1-28. Schwartz MK. (1973). Enzymes in cancer (review ). Clin.Chem., 19: 10-22. Sinha R, Anderson DE, Mc Donald SS. and Greenwald P. (2003). Cancer risk and diet in India. 49(33) : 222-228.

How can acousmatic music communicate its intention to the listener? Ess

Acousmatic music can be challenging to communicate its intention to the listener. Unlike traditional music their is 'no score, no system and no pre-segmented discrete units like notes' (Anderson, 2007; p. 2). Acousmatic music uses what is heard without seeing or knowing the physical origin of the sound as a compositional tool (Contrà ©, WWW). 'It is a type of electroacoustic music, which exists in a recorded format, transmitted and perceived, during performances, via the loudspeaker' (Anderson, p. 2). Rather than understanding conventional musical forms acousmatic music may rely only on communication. Communication primarily focuses on language. There are different forms of language when introduced to electroacoustic music. Language can be understood through listening, perception and identification or understanding (Adkins, 1999; p. 2; Delalande, 1998; pp. 26 - 49; Nudds, 2007; p.7; Seddon, 2005; p. 1). These will be looked at to see if they can help in communicating the intention o f acousmatic music to the listener. Understanding language beforehand may help in better understanding listening, perception and identification. Language is the bearer of meaning and is a universal medium of communication (Evans, 1973; p. 42; Stenlund, 1990; p. 14). With in electroacoustic music, language is used as a 'tool for establishing an aesthetic' (Keane, 1986; p. 118). Pierre Schaeffer considers it as being 'presupposed' (Windsor, 1995; 1.1.1). Although, both talking about language they talk about different aspects of language in relation with electroacoustic music. Schaeffer talks about the creation of music, Keane talks about the process before making music. Schaeffer's theory of language may mask the communication between composer and liste... ...eane's suggestion of explaining and expressing the intention to the listener through speech or literature (communication) seems like the most plausible way of making sure the listener will know the composer's intent. This way the listener could put the composer's intention together whilst listening, which may make the listening experience more enjoyable. 'The more informed the listener is about the music the more pleasurable and meaning the listening experience' (Burton, Cavalier, Hoffer, Hughes, 1997; p. 1). Although, there are listeners who want to make their own listening experience through their perception regardless of knowing the intention of the piece. The only listeners who enjoyed the pieces were the musically trained listeners. Their theory was listening to acousmatic music may help them in gaining a wider understanding on the subject as it is ambiguous.